Classification of Programming Languages

Author: Dipl. Ing. Frank Gerlach (frankgerlach.tai@gmx.de)
Conceptual classTyping Memory Safety Heap Memory Management
Sappeur imperative static, strong fully memory safe(also for multithreaded data) reference counting
C++ imperative static, optionally strongmemory unsafe reference counting
C imperative static, optionally strongmemory unsafe manual,unsafe
Java imperative static, strong memory safe m+s garbage collection
C# imperative static, strong memory safe m+s garbage collection
Go imperative static, strong memory safe m+s garbage collection
Rust imperative static, strong memory safe reference counting
LISP functional dynamic memory safe m+s garbage collection
Prolog logic memory safe m+s garbage collection
Pascal imperative static, optionally strongmemory unsafe manual, unsafe
Ada imperative static, strong optionally memory safe(SPARK Ada) manual, reference counted
Algol 68imperative static, strong memory safe m+s garbage collection

Abbreviations

m+s garbage collection: Mark And Sweep Garbage Collection

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